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When Space Elevators Go Bad…

On The Space Show tonight, Dr. David Livingston intereviewed Dr. Bryan Laubscher.  More on this in another post, but one of the topics that came up was a common question “What happens if the Space Elevator breaks?”  The idea has been (un)popularized in Science Fiction (Ben Bova’s Mercury and Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy come to mind) that such an event would lead to a planet-wide catastrophe.  This is not true, of course, for the current vision of a Space Elevator – a ribbon to space, thinner than a sheet of paper.  Depending on where the break occurs, much of it may fly off into space, much may burn up in the atmosphere and some may fall to earth.

Blaise Gassend (a name you should know if you are interested in any of the technical aspects of Space Elevators) did some serious study into this matter, going so far as to create some simulations.  You can find them on this web page – they are most interesting.

 

Teams from Iran, Ukraine, Japan, Germany, Canada and the USA file to participate in the 2007 Space Elevator Games

At the Elevator2010 team page, one can see that nineteen teams have filed to compete in this year’s Space Elevator Games.   Most fascinating, to me anyway, are the entries from Iran, the Ukraine and Japan as this is the first year teams from these countries intend to compete.  There are also three teams from Germany who have filed; the rest are from Canada and the USA.

Seventeen of the teams have filed for the Climber competition with the other two filing intent to participate in the Tether competition.

All of this filing is, of course, before the February 1st deadline – the date when money is due.  When that date arrives, we’ll probably start losing some of these teams; separating the “ascenders from the pretenders” as it were…

Nevertheless, even if some of these teams drop out, I think it is encouraging to see how widely the idea of a Space Elevator and the interest in the Space Elevator Games has spread – it is truly becoming international.  My only disappointment is that we’ve seen nothing yet from “down under” – where are the teams from Perth who want to eventually build one of these in their ocean front property?

India and the Space Elevator

I’ve posted some articles previously (here and here) about mentions of the Space Elevator in the Indian Press.  Here is an article where the president of a Science Center in India speaks to his students and talks about, among other things, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and his invention of the concept of the Space Elevator.

Jan 18, 2007 Update – A reader posts a comment that Dr. Kalam, the person who made the address that I’m referring to, is actually the President of India, not just of this Science Center.  I got confused – I thought that Manmohan Singh was the President of India, but I was wrong.  He’s the Prime Minister of India.  Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, indeed is the President of India.  My sincerest apologies to Dr. Kalam and all those I may have misled.  Here is a link to a webpage about him – he has a very impressive technical background.

Imagine that, a President of a rapidly developing country, a nuclear power and a country with an active Space Program and he’s familiar with the Space Elevator.  In Dr. Edwards latest book, he indicates that six areas on the globe are potential sites for the Space Elevator.  Two of these are in the Indian Ocean and India is the country that has an active space program and is closest to these two points.  Hmmmm….

Who will build the first Space Elevator?

To paraphrase Robert Heinlein (I don’t remember which novel this was in), “The laws of Physics work for everyone, not just Americans.”  I’m sure I have the specific quote wrong, but I think I’m accurately capturing the sentiment he was expressing – if we don’t build it, someone else can (and will).

Once the cable can actually be created, the limiting factor will be the heavy-lift capability to get it into geosynchronous orbit.  Right now, only the American and Russian space programs can do this.  But others, most notably the Chinese, Indians and Japanese may have this capability in the near future.

This is an interesting article about our future space partners/competitors.  It has nothing to do, explicitly, with building a Space Elevator, but the issues it brings up are, IMHO, very relevant to who will actually build the first Space Elevator.

I’ve been thinking about this for some time now.  We promote the Space Elevator as a tool for opening up space to everyone, not just “government employees and rich tourists”.  The idea sounds great, and, certainly, I’m all for it if it means that I might be able to get to space one day.  But its easy to imagine some (paranoid) scenarios where another country or consortium builds the Space Elevator and then sells lift capacity to people/groups who we do not agree with.

I certainly don’t propose NOT building a Space Elevator.  I just want to make sure that its we Americans who are the ones who build it and operate it… 

Robotic Cable Inspector Needed

This is an interesting article from Space.com about a cable inspection robot.  It discusses, specifically, a robot for “terrestrial underground power cable systems”, but draws the obvious parallel for the need for automated inspections of a future Space Elevator.

As a serendipitous side note, a friend of mine recently suggested that perhaps a good way to test a carbon nanotube cable, or to demonstrate it’s strength, would be to use one for the San Francisco Cable Car system.  Ben Shelef pointed out that the requirements and environmental conditions wouldn’t be the same, but that it still might be a useful idea.

Regardless, these types of climbers / robots are going to be crucial in maintaining a Space Elevator.  As a retired Computer Programmer, I’d love the challenge of programming one of these to handle any and all conditions they might encounter.

Update: For some reason, this article from Space.com takes forever and a day to load – be patient – it will happen…

Another Space Elevator show to air on January 28th…

From Dr. Brad Edwards; “…here is a heads up on the Discovery Channel program to be premiering on Jan 28th. It is a very nice coverage of the elevator and is part of their 2057 series.”

I’ve sent an email to their website (they don’t have any phone numbers listed, unfortunately) and received one of their automated responses that they’ll respond to my query “within one week.”  We’ll see.  Anyway, I’ll continue to pursue this and will post details as soon as I have them.

Thanks for the heads-up, Dr. Edwards…

Comments on the NOVA show, or Why I smacked Brad Edwards, by Ben Shelef

Ben Shelef sent me these comments on NOVA show.  I wondered why this had happened…

As some of you may have noticed, out of two televised moments of fame I was awarded by NOVA, I spent one hitting Dr. Edwards. That’s 50% of my public face time spent on violence directed at celebrities.

For the record then: I remember the moment very vividly. Brad just showed me the stopwatch stopped on “57? and within about a third of a second, I roller-coasted between “hell yeah they made it” (thinking the ribbon was 60 m long) to “oh no they’re a hair too slow” (remembering we shortened the ribbon because of oscillations) to “oh boy we need to figure out ribbon stretch (as reality settled in), and so the semi-confused body language you all got to see started out as a pat on the back and deteriorated into a concatenation of hell-yeah-oh-no-oh-boy.  So There.

Also, Brad hit me first, but they didn’t show that.:)

May we receive a lot more coverage like this, and congratulations to all the teams that really shone in this piece. The competition is nothing more than the sum total of the teams, and with statements like “you’re definitely going to see things go wrong today!” we can’t really go wrong.

Thanks to Joe McMaster and the rest of the NOVA crew for making such a neat segment. Extra credit for the spinning Yo-Yo shot.

Ben

Space Elevator show on the Science Channel

First, the good news.  It appears that a show which regularly airs on the Science Channel, Discoveries this Week, had a segment on Space Elevators and the recent Space Elevator Games.  The bad news – there was no heads-up to this and all of us (with the exception of Brian Turner of the Kansas City Space Pirates) missed it.  Brian says he cannot find this on the web at all, and, after some looking on my own, neither can I.  But I have faith that someone will find it.

Here’s the link to the Discoveries this Week URL.  If anyone can track down a web version of this show, please, please, please let me know.

Thanks, Brian…

 

Black Line Ascension debuts…

The latest venture from Dr. Bradley Edwards (and Dr. Bryan Laubscher and others).  I first heard mention of this in the recently aired NOVA Science Now show – it had a blurb about him stating, among other items; “Edwards is currently with Black Line Ascension, an umbrella company with subentities working on materials development and basic engineering and research of the space elevator concept.”

I was unaware they had a website however.  Thanks to Brian Dunbar and Darnell Clayton for pointing this out.

NOVA Science Now show airs

I’ve just finished watching the NOVA Science Now show featuring, among other topics, the Space Elevator.  It was nice to see a science show that had the technical facts straight (I didn’t catch any errors – if anyone did, please correct me).  They also did a good job, in the few minutes they alloted to it, of covering the Climber competition at this year’s Space Elevator Games.  Again, they had their facts right; the University of Michigan’s Climber was first to the top, Lite-Won and TurboCrawler also made it to the top, and the USST team made it to the top in nearly prize-awarding time.

It would have been nice, however, if they had mentioned how much prize money was at stake, especially now since NASA has increased the prize money significantly – I think that would have been quite newsworthy.  Also worth mentioning, I think, would have been the Tether competition and the fact that the Space Elevator Games are an annual competition – with the third one coming up this year.

Brian Turner and the Kansas City Space Pirates must be happy with the show as they were prominently mentioned in it – there is no doubt that the “Death Ray” they attempted to ride to the top was quite unique.

As soon as the show is available online, I’ll post a link to it.  Also, on January 16th, we’re supposed to be able to see answers from Dr. Brad Edwards to questions posted to him/NOVA.  I’ll link to that when available, too.

All in all, good, free, publicity from a recognized source – and one can’t complain about that.

Updates from The Spaceward Foundation

I received this email earlier today from Ben Shelef, CEO of The Spaceward Foundation.

 

Hello Folks.

A short email this time.

First and foremost, Joe McMaster and Anna Lee Strachan from Nova wanted us to remind you to tune in to their Space Elevator segment today (Tuesday, January 9) at 8pm on PBS – check your local listing.

Joe and Anna came down to watch and film the competition at Las Cruces last October, so there may footage there we’ve never seen before.

The show URL is http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3401/02.html
Another item that was on our back burner for way too long is a comprehensive FAQ section, which you can now browse at http://www.elevator2010.org/faq.html

Thanks to Vern McGeorge for getting this project going so many months ago.

We have a lot more questions and answers on file – we’ll be updating the FAQ on a regular basis.  If you have a question you want answered, go ahead and email us.  If you have a question and an answer and maybe a nice illustration to go with – email them too and we may add them to the FAQ, with credits.
Finally, team registration is in progress towards the early-bird registration deadline at the end of this month.  More details will follow in February, when we have an official headcount.
Cheers,

  Ben, Meekk and the Spaceward Crew

get ready for the Space Elevator

I just found this October, 2004 blog article from Downtown Doll at fashiontribes.com, wondering if a Space Elevator will make rockets “as redundant as 8-tracks.”  As a previous owner of lots and lots of 8-tracks, I certainly hope so…

Update – and, fashiontribes.com has just published another article about the space elevator.  And, once again, Brian Dunbar from LiftPort has beaten me there.  The man is amazing…

IEEE – IFTF predictions do not include a Space Elevator

Last February and March, the Institute For The Future (IFTF) partnered with the Insitute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) in order to conduct a survey; “The survey asked participants to identify key breakthroughs in their areas of expertise and then to forecast probabilities of future developments.”

The survey, published in September of 2006 (IFTF pdf report available here and IEEE report available here), did not specifically mention a Space Elevator – an SE was only mentioned, somewhat disparagingly as something that the survey participants were too “down-to-earth” to predict.

We’ll see…

Don’t forget upcoming NOVA Science Now Space Elevator episode

Don’t forget – tomorrow is the date when the NOVA Science Now episode featuring the efforts to develop a Space Elevator airs.

You’ll need to check your local listings of course.  Here in the Chicago area, it is supposed to air on the local PBS station, WTTW, at 8:00pm Central Time.

The official website for the episode is here (you can also find local airing times from this website).  If you go here, you can see a brief preview of the show.  According to the website, the show will be archived and available for viewing online beginning January 10th.

Update – Blogcritics.com opines about the show here.

LiftPort Energy debuts…

From the new LiftPort Energy website: “Imagine a future when space faring humans are common thanks to the Space Elevator. These are the products that would make life possible offworld, where fossil fuel energy is scarce. Think of the benefits of space energy, right here on Earth.”

Frankly, I’m not too sure what to make of this new venture.  If it keeps the lights on, well and good and I certainly wish them well, of course.

The LiftPort blog announcement is here.  Steelsphere.com weighs in here.

Clarifications

I’ve just received an email from Ben Shelef, CEO of the Spaceward Foundation, clarifying / expanding some subjects in some earlier posts I’ve made today.  Ben’s email is as follows;

1: dates (Note – he’s referring to the dates of the 2007 Space Elevator Games)

We don’t know yet how long the competition will run.  We want to run for 3-4 days, and have each team run at least once per day.  X-Prize Cup are not sure about their plans yet, and so neither are we.  The tentative date they have on the web site is 10/20 – 10/21, but that’s suspiciously similar to this year’s show, even though the days of the week are Sat-Sun rather then Fri-Sat.

If they do partner up with the airshow at Holloman AFB, well, the 2005 show was only a 1-day affair, and we’d make sure we have extra days for ourselves.

In short – don’t book tickets yet.

2: qualification video

In the qualification video, you need to show a zero-payload, 1 m/s ascent (2.4.d), and a full-cycle of operation within the allowed timeframe of 30 minutes.

3: my cell number below was wrong in the last email – please note. (Note – I’d already fixed this for the web posting, but the original email sent out had the wrong phone number)

Ben

——————————————–
Ben Shelef
The Spaceward Foundation
ben AT Spaceward.org
650-793-4987
http://www.spaceward.org/
http://www.elevator2010.org/

Wirefly X Prize Cup Explores Expansion Plan

Wirefly X Prize Cup was the partner for the 2006 Space Elevator Games.  While no decision has yet been made as to whether or not this partnership will continue in 2007, it certainly is a strong possibility.

In this article dated December 17, 2006, Wirefly X Prize Cup expansion plans for 2007 are discussed.

And, on the X Prize Cup website, the dates of October 20-21, 2007 are given for the 2007 X Prize Cup games.  So, if the partnership between X Prize Cup and the Space Elevator Games continues this year, these are the dates you should be reserving…

Registration for this year’s Space Elevator Games moves into high gear…

Version 1.00 (the hopefully final version) of the Rulebooks for this year Space Elevator games have now been published.  You can find the Tether competition rulebook here and the Climber competition rulebook here.

Elevator2010 has sent an email to all interested parties (reproduced below, with the permission of Elevator 2010’s CEO, Ben Shelef), strongly encouraging them to register by the end of this month.

Hello Folks – Happy New Year!

You’re getting this email because you’ve either submitted an NOI, expressed informal interest, asked us enough questions about the rules, or are otherwise affiliated with the 2007 competition.  If you’re not playing this year, let me know and I will remove you from the list.

We have just received from NASA the official approved team agreements for both Beam Power and Tether competitions. This was the last missing piece of paperwork, so we are now good and ready to proceed.  We hope you are too.

At the bottom of each of the two competition pages (http://www.elevator2010.org/competitionClimber2007.html and
http://www.elevator2010.org/competitionTether2007.html) you will now find:

1:  Rulebook version 1.00  (Yes – this is the baseline official version. We do not intend to make any more changes, though the usual caveat holds.)

2:  Team agreement, with official language regarding participation of non-US teams. (life is a bit easier this year)

3:  NOI questionnaire, which we’d like you to fill out and submit along with the NOI.  (those that have done so obviously do not have to re-submit)

So:
If you’ve submitted an NOI, please make sure you submit the questionnaire. Download, print, read, *understand* and fill out the team agreement. Fax us a copy to 650-965-2907, and send in the signed agreement, with registration fees, to: The Spaceward Foundation 725 N. Shoreline Blvd Mountain View, CA 94043

Please try to complete the process by Jan 31st.

The registration deadline is for the faxed registration forms, on 1/31/07, midnight PST. We’ll expect the registration papers to follow by mail no later than 2/15/07.

We’re looking forward to an even faster competition this year. We plan to make 2007 bigger than 2006 in much the same amount that 2006 was bigger than 2005.  In other words, we plan to rock the world.

We hope to see you on board soon,

Cheers,

  Ben

——————————————–
Ben Shelef
The Spaceward Foundation
ben AT spaceward.org
650-793-4987
http://www.spaceward.org
http://www.elevator2010.org

NOVA show on the Space Elevator to be broadcast on January 9th

Both Ben Shelef of the Spaceward Foundation and Brian Turner from the Kansas City Space Pirates sent me a link to the NOVA website announcing their upcoming (January 9th) show on the Space Elevator.  You can find the website here.

I enjoy NOVA – it’s one of my favorite TV shows and so I hope and trust that they will treat the subject properly.  The website, including a short video interview with Michael Laine and Tom Nugent of LiftPort and a short Q&A with Dr. Brad Edwards, gives me assurances that the upcoming show will be sound.

The website also gives you a chance to submit questions to Dr. Edwards (through January 10th) with his (selected) answers to be posted on January 15th.

Mark your calendars!

Version 0.94 of 2007 Power Beaming (Climber) Competition rulebook posted

Version 0.94 of this rulebook is now up and available for review.  Here you can find the changes from version 0.93 to 0.94 discussed.  Of course everything can be accessed from the Elevator2010 website.  As always, submit comments and recommendations to Ben Shelef at Ben AT Spaceward.org.

Ben also has the following comment on the remarks (here and here) by Professor Mark Welland.

“It’s a known fact that popular journalism, both technical and mainstream, tends to exaggerate claims. There is no argument that the SE CNT tether does not exist yet, and is much stronger than anything we produce today – nothing to the contrary was ever claimed. Still, it is not laughable to predict that totally new technology will result in large improvements, especially when the mechanism of this technology is understood. CNTs are strong enough, and composites and ropes exhibit tensile strengths very close to that of their native fibers. There’s enough evidence that the CNT tether is feasible – saying we can’t get there because we’re not already there is dead-end thinking. Just my 2c.”

Dr. Mark Welland responds

A couple of days ago, I had posted a link to a blog entry which stated that Professor Mark Welland, FRS, had said that the idea of a “Space Elevator” was nonsense.  I had also written that I was going to attempt to contact Professor Welland to try and get some clarity on the matter.

Professor Welland has responded to my query and I quote him here:

“In my talk I was discussing in general terms some of the aspects of nanotechnology that have been over hyped. I gave as an example a proposed space elevator that was on the front cover of the American Scientist magazine. Next to this image I showed the material referred to and pointed out the enormous difference between a hypothetical elevator based on the ideal strength of carbon nanotubes and the reality of the actual material that can be currently synthesised. If one puts the figures in for actual material performance as opposed to ideal performance one can easily see that material is simply not strong enough. This of course was the calculation I was referring to.”

So, his issue was that the current state of nanotube technology cannot spin them strong enough to build a Space Elevator.  Well, we all know that and most of us believe that the technology WILL get there (and quickly, I hope).

Funding for NASA’s Centennial Challenges

Several weeks ago, I had posted a link to TopSpacer’s article at hobbyspace.com, an article discussing “funding for the Centennial Challenges program will be zeroed out for 2007” and wondering what that meant.  Then a few days ago, the Space Frontier Foundation issues a press release saying essentially the same thing that TopSpacer’s article did.  I contacted Jeff Krukin, the Executive Director of the Space Frontier Foundation, and asked him if the current games are in jeopardy.  He replied that they are not;

“The prized that have already been announced are funded with money appropriated in previous years.  Future (not yet announced) prized are dependent on new funding provided in FY2007 or later, so there is no funding for new prizes.”

Yesterday, over at Alan Boyle’s Cosmic Log, he said essentially the same thing; funding for the existing prizes (including the Space Elevator challenge) is there, but funding for NEW prizes is not.

Russia will develop space elevators (Part 2)

In Part 2 of an article I blogged about a couple of days ago, the Russian News & Information Agency (Novosti) reports on a rather unique “Space elevator” concept, designed to deliver payloads from the Earth to the Moon and back.

An excerpt: “Theoretical studies and experiments showed that the cluster should comprise two cableway systems, one in a low circular and the other in a low elliptical Earth orbit, and one cableway in a circular equatorial lunar orbit. The dimensions of all three cableways should create different gravitational potentials at each end. By adjusting tether length, it will be possible to change each orbital system’s angular speed of rotation.”

Russia will develop space elevators

This Novisti (Russian News & Information Agency) article describes a rather unique take on a Space Elevator.

An excerpt: “Scientists from the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed a unique space elevator for lunar and Martian missions. Although a bit slower, the new system will cut back on interplanetary delivery expenses.  A space elevator consists of satellites, spacecraft and payloads linked by long, thin, flexible elements. The simplest system links two spacecraft by means of a cable with a length of several dozen or even several hundred kilometers. This tandem, which resembles a space sling, revolves around its center of gravity, which in turn has a predetermined orbit. Either of the two spacecraft can therefore launch a payload along any required trajectory without any rocket engines.”

BuyMeToTheStars.com

One of the biggest attractions of a Space Elevator is, of course, its potential to open up space to people who are not either astronauts or rich tourists.

Over at BuyMeToTheStars.com, Mike Halls-Moore is trying a different approach to get to space; he’s selling “stellar objects” on his website to raise money for a future flight on a commercial space vehicle (Virgin Galactic, etc.).

Good luck, Mike.  Perhaps you will be able to use your funds for a Lift ticket 🙂

Robots rule at FIRST LEGO League

I’ve blogged about these LEGO competitions before (here, here and here) and here is yet another story, this one from the London Times-Mirror, about these ongoing games and how they include the concept of a Space Elevator.

This is so cool, introducing young children to such concepts.  You see things such as this, and also how Space Elevators are becoming more and more a part of computer Games, as well as the creation of LiftPort and the Space Elevator Games (and the publicity that surrounds them), and it’s apparent that the idea of a Space Elevator continues to percolate through various layers of society.  This will pay off, I think, in public support for building a Space Elevator when the day comes that carbon nanotubes of sufficient length and strength are finally created.

The Space Elevator Journal debuts…

A new site for Space Elevator fans and junkies has turned up, Patrick Boake’s Space Elevator Journal.

Patrick contributed Return on Investment to the “LiftPort: Opening Space to Everyone” book.  His brief bio in that book states, in part; “Patrick Boake is a freelance techno-journalist in Toronto, Canada.”

Patrick has also set up a Google-based Space Elevator Search Engine.

Welcome, Patrick.  I hope you’ll be able to provide us with, among other things, on-the-spot updates from the Canadian teams as they get ready to compete for the 2007 Space Elevator Games.

Rulebooks for next year’s Space Elevator Games now available!

The initial Rulebooks for next year’s Climber (Power Beaming) and Tether competitions have been posted by Elevator2010.  To quote Ben Shelef, Elevator2010 CEO; “We’re taking public comments on the rulebooks, [and] will post 1.0 rulebooks by the end of the month.”

The Climber (Power Beaming) rulebook can be found here and the Tether rulebook can be found here.  Of course, both are available on the Elevator2010 website.

One new item noted on the Elevator2010 website is a Climber competition for newbies; “If you are a new team, and only want to try your hand at it, we have the “limited” games, in which no money is on the line (as of yet…), the metric is 1 m/s, and the height is comparable to this year’s games. We will publish a separate rulebook for the limited competition shortly.”

So, for all you future competitors, now’s the time to get started!!  Holidays?  Who cares about the holidays?

Space Elevators and Legos

I’ve posted about this before, the First Lego League (FLL) has a “Nano Quest Challenge“, including the design (with Legos, of course) of a Space Elevator.  This is uber-cool.

The NXT-STEP is keeping us updated on events in this competition.

The UBC SnowStar team, the same that was in this year’s Space Elevator Games, visited the Robotics Club to give them the benefit of their experience and expertise.  We also learn that UBC’s Steve Jones still plays with Legos (a mark of distinction) and went to Austria earlier this year to participate in a paper airplane contest…

Space Elevators & radiation

NewScientistSpace has recently published two articles referencing another article in Acta Astronautica on the dangers that Radiation will pose to travellers using the Space Elevator.  The first article requires you to subscribe while the second article does not.  I have a subscription and so was able to read the entire first article.  The second is better and more complete, so don’t waste your money on a subscription just to read the first article.

The original article in Acta Astronautica is by Blaise Gassend and Anders Jorgensen.

Onward (and upward)

Earlier I had posted a link to an article predicting a functioning Space Elevator by 2099.  Here’s an article that predicts the first attempt to launch a Space Elevator (in 2025) will fail, but that “By 2050 we will have fully functioning space elevators operating at full capacity, moving both people and supplies into space.”

Better than 2099, but still not good enough.  2015 is the number I’m looking for…

Who knew?

Who knew that 1) Michael Laine, President & Founder of Liftport, is a descendant of Meriwether Lewis (of Lewis & Clark fame) and 2) LiftPort had an entry in the recently completed Space Elevator Games?  I’ll accept the ancestor item, but, unless it was a super-secret stealth entry, they did not have an entry in the games.

Both bits of info (along with note that Michael will be speaking tomorrow at the Bainbridge Performing Arts Playhouse) can be found in this article.

Click on the thumbnails for (slightly) larger versions…

Space Elevator coin up for auction

Over at the Mondolithic Sketchbook, they note they are now auctioning off Space Elevator-themed coins at eBay.

As noted on the description, the coins are pure (.999) silver and are being auctioned off with a starting bid of $75.00.

Click on the thumbnail at left to view a larger version.

 

Some may not know that the picture depicted is based on some work they’ve done earlier.  Click on the thumbnail at left to view a larger version.

 

 

I’m sure these coins are not “legal tender”, but both LiftPort and Elevator2010 could advertise that they would accept these in payment, LiftPort for Lift Tickets and Spaceward for a T-shirt or something 🙂